Regional Settlement Demography in Archaeology

by Robert D.

Archaeological analysis at the regional scale investigates the past by studying how people distributed themselves and their activities across a landscape of hundreds or thousands of square kilometers.

Regional Settlement Demography in Archaeology

Author: Robert D.

Publisher: ISD LLC

ISBN: 1733376976

Page: 200

View: 988

Archaeological analysis at the regional scale investigates the past by studying how people distributed themselves and their activities across a landscape of hundreds or thousands of square kilometers. Archaeological field survey methods developed over half a century combine with powerful new quantitative tools for spatial analysis (including GIS) to unleash new potential for identifying and studying ancient local communities and regional polities. Varied approaches to estimating regional population sizes in both relative and absolute terms are synthesized and their advantages and disadvantages assessed. Tools for quantitative analysis of regional demographic data are presented. Field survey methods developed around the world are compiled from widely scattered sources and best practices for collecting archaeological data to sustain demographic analysis are delineated. Concepts for improved sampling design in regional survey work are derived from fundamental statistical principles. In conclusion, promising directions for future methodological development are identified.

Hongshan Regional Organization in the Upper Daling Valley

by Christian E. Peterson

2004 Chifeng International Collaborative Archaeological Research Project/ filimé E ... E. Peterson In press Regional Settlement Demography in Archaeology.

Hongshan Regional Organization in the Upper Daling Valley

Author: Christian E. Peterson

Publisher: Center for Comparative Arch

ISBN: 1877812935

Page: 102

View: 589

A detailed report on regional-, local-, and household-scale research on Hongshan societies (4500-3000 BCE) in northeastern China. Regional demography and community patterns are analyzed for an area of 200 square kilometers surrounding the excavated ceremonial site of Dongshanzui. More intensive study of Hongshan residential remains through surface collection, magnetometer survey, and stratigraphic tests informs the interpretation of the results of regional-scale survey. Dongshanzui's public architecture, along with additional unexcavated ceremonial platforms, are shown to be at the heart of a regional-scale concentration of Hongshan residential occupation that represents an independent small chiefly polity with no more than 1,000 inhabitants. Its neighbors were other similar small polities related to each other through peaceful interaction but without larger-scale political integration. Complete text in English and Chinese.

Late Republican Early Imperial Regional Italian Landscapes and Demography

by Peter De Graaf

In this study, published intensive field surveys, from different regions on the Italian peninsula, are revisited from a range of different methodological and theoretical perspectives.

Late Republican Early Imperial Regional Italian Landscapes and Demography

Author: Peter De Graaf

Publisher: British Archaeological Reports Limited

ISBN: 9781407309132

Page: 98

View: 140

In this study, published intensive field surveys, from different regions on the Italian peninsula, are revisited from a range of different methodological and theoretical perspectives. With its emphasis on the Late Republican to Early Imperial period, the outcome of this research should lead to a better understanding of comparative regional differences, in terms of settlement patterns and hierarchy, demography, urbanisation processes, and how society could have functioned. This study intends to build on existing notions of regional variations and bring them into better focus. For the theoretical and methodological framework, models and interpretive schemes are assessed originating from archaeology, social geography and ethnography using archaeological evidence. The field surveys or regions covered include the Potenza Val, the 'extended' suburbium of Rome, the Pontine region and the Biferno Valley.

Complexity Economics

by Koenraad Verboven

... how to estimate population figures from archaeological contexts.1 A common method ... Berry and Peterson, Regional Settlement Demography in Archaeology.

Complexity Economics

Author: Koenraad Verboven

Publisher: Springer Nature

ISBN: 303047898X

Page: 363

View: 424

Economic archaeology and ancient economic history have boomed the past decades. The former thanks to greatly enhanced techniques to identify, collect, and interpret material remains as proxies for economic interactions and performance; the latter by embracing the frameworks of new institutional economics. Both disciplines, however, still have great difficulty talking with each other. There is no reliable method to convert ancient proxy-data into the economic indicators used in economic history. In turn, the shared cultural belief-systems underlying institutions and the symbolic ways in which these are reproduced remain invisible in the material record. This book explores ways to bring both disciplines closer together by building a theoretical and methodological framework to evaluate and integrate archaeological proxy-data in economic history research. Rather than the linear interpretations offered by neoclassical or neomalthusian models, we argue that complexity economics, based on system theory, offers a promising way forward.

Coming Together

by Attila Gyucha

Drennan, R. D., C. A. Berrey, and C. E. Peterson 2015 Regional Settlement Demography in Archaeology. Eliot Werner, Clinton Corners, New York.

Coming Together

Author: Attila Gyucha

Publisher: SUNY Press

ISBN: 1438472781

Page: 402

View: 784

Archaeologists, anthropologists, and classicists discuss how urbanization first emerged in strikingly different sociopolitical contexts in North America, Europe, and the Near East. The pursuit for universally applicable definitions of the terms “urban” and “city” has frequently distracted scholars from scrutinizing processes of how ancient nucleated settlements evolved and developed. Based on the premise that similar social dynamics to a great extent governed nucleation trajectories throughout human history, Coming Together focuses on both prehistoric aggregated and early urban settlements. Drawing from a variety of theoretical and methodological approaches, archaeologists, anthropologists, and classicists discuss how nucleation unfolded in strikingly different sociopolitical contexts in North America, Europe, and the Near East. The major themes of the volume are nucleation’s origins, pathways to sustainability, and the transformative role of these sites in sociopolitical and cultural change. Attila Gyucha is Postdoctoral Research Scientist at the Field Museum of Natural History and the author of Prehistoric Village Social Dynamics: the Early Copper Age in the Körös Region.

Bioarchaeology

by Mark Q. Sutton

An Introduction to the Archaeology and Anthropology of the Dead Mark Q. Sutton ... Christian E. Peterson 2015 Regional Settlement Demography in Archaeology.

Bioarchaeology

Author: Mark Q. Sutton

Publisher: Routledge

ISBN: 1351061100

Page: 296

View: 408

Bioarchaeology covers the history and general theory of the field plus the recovery and laboratory treatment of human remains. Bioarchaeology is the study of human remains in context from an archaeological and anthropological perspective. The book explores, through numerous case studies, how the ways a society deals with their dead can reveal a great deal about that society, including its religious, political, economic, and social organizations. It details recovery methods and how, once recovered, human remains can be analyzed to reveal details about the funerary system of the subject society and inform on a variety of other issues, such as health, demography, disease, workloads, mobility, sex and gender, and migration. Finally, the book highlights how bioarchaeological techniques can be used in contemporary forensic settings and in investigations of genocide and war crimes. In Bioarchaeology, theories, principles, and scientific techniques are laid out in a clear, understandable way, and students of archaeology at undergraduate and graduate levels will find this an excellent guide to the field.

The Archaeology of Ancient Cities

by Glenn R. Storey

... Illinois A PRIMER ON MODERN–WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY Charles E. Orser, Jr. REGIONAL SETTLEMENT DEMOGRAPHY IN ARCHAEOLOGY Robert D. Drennan, C. Adam Berrey, ...

The Archaeology of Ancient Cities

Author: Glenn R. Storey

Publisher: ISD LLC

ISBN: 1734281804

Page: 176

View: 426

Cities are the largest "artifacts" investigated by archaeologists--entities that have been under academic scrutiny for a long time. Urban places are both physical and social agglomerations, fostering the most intense interaction of any human settlement. Archaeological evidence illustrates how ancient cities worldwide were similar in origin, development, and maturation, showing considerable isomorphism with modern cities. This book explores issues of definition and the essential elements of cities, offers a new heuristic typology of cities, and reviews case studies of six ancient cities (Copan, Great Zimbabwe, Gyeongju, Hierakonpolis, Rome, and Teotihuacan) with illustrative exercises at the end of each chapter. Cities have been characterized as "social reactors" working much like a star in creating an explosive increase in human connectivity. Urban planning, both ancient and modern, helps us understand the essence of this--the most exciting and vibrant product of the human tendency to nucleate.

Applied Zooarchaeology

by Lisa Nagaoka

... Illinois A PRIMER ON MODERN–WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY Charles E. Orser, Jr. REGIONAL SETTLEMENT DEMOGRAPHY IN ARCHAEOLOGY Robert D. Drennan, C. Adam Berrey, ...

Applied Zooarchaeology

Author: Lisa Nagaoka

Publisher: ISD LLC

ISBN: 1733376968

Page: 130

View: 135

During the last two decades, zooarchaeologists have increasingly focused aspects of their work on conservation biology. Zooarchaeological data represent an empirical record of past human-animal interactions, which provides conservation with a deep temporal perspective. There are many challenges that face the archaeologist as conservation biologist, however, that have little to do with deep time, faunal remains, and zooarchaeological method and theory. In this book we use a series of case studies with which each of the authors has relevant personal experience to explore the types of interdisciplinary challenges that zooarchaeologists face when crossing into the world of environmental management and animal conservation. Never has there been a greater need for multi-vocal perspectives in conservation biology. This book shows zooarchaeologists how to use zooarchaeological perspectives to help meet those needs, while crossing traditional academic disciplinary boundaries.

The Origins of the Roman Economy

by Gabriele Cifani

2015 – R. D. Drennan, C. A. Berrey, C. E. Peterson, Regional Settlement Demography in Archaeology, New York: E. Werner Publications.

The Origins of the Roman Economy

Author: Gabriele Cifani

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

ISBN: 1108478956

Page: 466

View: 605

Focuses on the economic history of the community of Rome from the Iron Age to the early Republic.

A Primer on Chiefs and Chiefdoms

by Timothy Earle

PRINCIPLES OF ARCHAEOLOGY ADVISORY EDITORS Robert L. Bettinger, University of ... ARCHAEOLOGY Charles E. Orser, Jr. REGIONAL SETTLEMENT DEMOGRAPHY IN ...

A Primer on Chiefs and Chiefdoms

Author: Timothy Earle

Publisher: ISD LLC

ISBN: 1734281847

Page: 170

View: 763

Chiefs are political operatives who hold titles of leadership over groups larger than intimate kin-based communities. Although they rule with the consent of their group, they are all about building personal power and respect. Many scholars have viewed chiefs as problem solvers--defending groups against aggressors, resolving disputes, providing support under hardship, organizing labor for community projects, and redistributing goods among those in need. Chiefs do these things, but much of what chiefs do is accumulate benefits for themselves, staying in power and legitimizing control. Anthropological archaeology is well suited to pursue the study of chiefs, their leadership institutions (chiefdoms), and long-term historical processes. The author argues that studying chiefdoms is essential to understanding the role of elemental powers in social evolution. As an illustration, he studies chiefs and their power strategies in historically independent prehistoric and traditional societies and discusses how they continue to exist as powerful actors within modern states.

Where Do Cities Come From and Where Are They Going To Modelling Past and Present Agglomerations to Understand Urban Ways of Life

by Francesca Fulminante

Regional Settlement Demography in Archaeology. New York, NY: Eliot Werner Publications, Inc. Drennan, R. D., and Peterson, C. E. (2008).

Where Do Cities Come From and Where Are They Going To Modelling Past and Present Agglomerations to Understand Urban Ways of Life

Author: Francesca Fulminante

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

ISBN: 2889664236

Page:

View: 883

Over the last decade, there has been a surge of interest in urbanization and economic development, sparked by the realization that making urban life sustainable is one of the greatest challenges facing us in the 21st century (this is now one of the core sustainable development goals of the United Nations). This has exerted considerable pressure on researchers to come up with more scientific ways of studying urbanism and economic activity over the long run, which has resulted not only in the development of new theoretical frameworks, but also in the collection of vast amounts of data from a range of settings. This has led to the realization that, although there are significant differences between settlements in different settings, there are nonetheless important regularities and commonalities between a diverse group of settlements in range of geographical and historical contexts, including both ancient and modern ones. This suggests that a common feature of settlements is their ability to generate increased social connectivity, greater division of labour and specialization, and enhanced technological invention and innovation, albeit with costs to levels of equality, quality of life, and standards of living, as well as impacts on the environment, which cannot be separated from the emergence of confederations and states and the creation of settlement systems, hierarchies and networks. We believe that this field of enquiry now stands at a critical juncture. Although it is now feasible to talk about many aspects of ancient and modern urbanism with relative confidence, such as the numbers of cities or their sizes, much of the discussion of these themes within historical and archaeological circles has been on a discursive or qualitative level, while it is often difficult to harmonize the different models that have been applied to date into a consistent empirical and theoretical framework. A new approach to settlements throughout different contexts should now be within our grasp, however, thanks to both the ease with which information can be disseminated and the facilities that recent developments in IT offer us to model, analyse, and statistically test data.

Settlement Patterns in the Chifeng Region

by Chifeng International Collaborative Archaeological Research Project

2006 Prehispanic Chiefdoms in the Valle de la Plata, Volume 5: Regional Settlement Patterns. University of Pittsburgh Memoirs in Latin American Archaeology, ...

Settlement Patterns in the Chifeng Region

Author: Chifeng International Collaborative Archaeological Research Project

Publisher: Center for Comparative Arch

ISBN: 1877812919

Page: 153

View: 194

This volume and the accompanying online dataset provide the complete results of a regional settlement study of 1,234 square kilometers in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of northeastern China. Results of systematic study of the relationship between surface and subsurface remains are presented, based on sites that were surveyed as part of the regional survey, and subsequently intensively surface collected and test excavated. The volume concludes with a comprehensive synthesis of the regional trajectory of social change from 6000 BCE to 1300 CE, offered as a basis for comparison with those of other regions where complex societies developed.

Ten Thousand Years of Inequality

by Timothy A. Kohler

He has carried out archaeological eld research with a focus on regional settlement demography, communities, and households in Mesoamerica, northern South ...

Ten Thousand Years of Inequality

Author: Timothy A. Kohler

Publisher: University of Arizona Press

ISBN: 0816539448

Page: 352

View: 520

Is wealth inequality a universal feature of human societies, or did early peoples live an egalitarian existence? How did inequality develop before the modern era? Did inequalities in wealth increase as people settled into a way of life dominated by farming and herding? Why in general do such disparities increase, and how recent are the high levels of wealth inequality now experienced in many developed nations? How can archaeologists tell? Ten Thousand Years of Inequality addresses these and other questions by presenting the first set of consistent quantitative measurements of ancient wealth inequality. The authors are archaeologists who have adapted the Gini index, a statistical measure of wealth distribution often used by economists to measure contemporary inequality, and applied it to house-size distributions over time and around the world. Clear descriptions of methods and assumptions serve as a model for other archaeologists and historians who want to document past patterns of wealth disparity. The chapters cover a variety of ancient cases, including early hunter-gatherers, farmer villages, and agrarian states and empires. The final chapter synthesizes and compares the results. Among the new and notable outcomes, the authors report a systematic difference between higher levels of inequality in ancient Old World societies and lower levels in their New World counterparts. For the first time, archaeology allows humanity’s deep past to provide an account of the early manifestations of wealth inequality around the world. Contributors Nicholas Ames Alleen Betzenhauser Amy Bogaard Samuel Bowles Meredith S. Chesson Abhijit Dandekar Timothy J. Dennehy Robert D. Drennan Laura J. Ellyson Deniz Enverova Ronald K. Faulseit Gary M. Feinman Mattia Fochesato Thomas A. Foor Vishwas D. Gogte Timothy A. Kohler Ian Kuijt Chapurukha M. Kusimba Mary-Margaret Murphy Linda M. Nicholas Rahul C. Oka Matthew Pailes Christian E. Peterson Anna Marie Prentiss Michael E. Smith Elizabeth C. Stone Amy Styring Jade Whitlam

Archaeology of Oceania

by Ian Lilley

1993), which canvassed the archaeological evidence for regional settlement patterning throughout the Pleistocene and into the Holocene in western Australia.

Archaeology of Oceania

Author: Ian Lilley

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

ISBN: 140515229X

Page: 416

View: 847

This book is a state-of-the-art introduction to the archaeology of Oceania, covering both Australia and the Pacific Islands. The first text to provide integrated treatment of the archaeologies of Australia and the Pacific Islands Enables readers to form a coherent overview of cultural developments across the region as a whole Brings together contributions from some of the region’s leading scholars Focuses on new discoveries, conceptual innovations, and postcolonial realpolitik Challenges conventional thinking on major regional and global issues in archaeology

Reports on the Vrokastro Area Eastern Crete Volume 2

by Barbara J. Hayden

Content of the book's CD-ROM may be found online at this location: http://core.tdar.org/project/376536. Other contributing scholars: H.M.C. Dierckx, G. Harrison, J. Moody, G. Postma, C. Rackham, and A.B. Stallworth.

Reports on the Vrokastro Area Eastern Crete Volume 2

Author: Barbara J. Hayden

Publisher: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology

ISBN: 9781931707596

Page: 520

View: 880

Data gathered through systematic survey detail the settlement history of the Vrokastro region from the Final Neolithic period through the early part of the twentieth century. Each period is introduced by an environmental pattern for the settlement, with a brief summary of project methodology and goals, a description of the regional topography and botany, and a synopsis of the regional topography and hydrology. The penultimate chapter and conclusions present a summary of the regional settlement history, growth, demographics, and a prospectus concerning future work in the Vrokastro region. An accompanying CD-ROM includes six appendices—Survey Methodology, Catalogue of Chipped and Ground Stone Implements, Agricultural and Demographic Tables, the Agricultural Year in the Vrokastro Area, Panaghia Phaneromeni Documentation, and the Holocene Evolution of the Istron Area, Mirabello—tables, and a chart on epigraphical data. Content of the book's CD-ROM may be found online at this location: http://core.tdar.org/project/376536. Other contributing scholars: H.M.C. Dierckx, G. Harrison, J. Moody, G. Postma, C. Rackham, and A.B. Stallworth. University Museum Monograph, 119

Origini XLII

by Marcella Frangipane

Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles: ... GORENFLO L.J. 2006 - The Evolution of Regional Demography and Settlement in the ...

Origini XLII

Author: Marcella Frangipane

Publisher: Gangemi Editore spa

ISBN: 8849244061

Page: 388

View: 630

THEMATIC ISSUE: RETHINKING URBANIZATION AND ITS LIVING LANDSCAPES FROM THE INSPIRING PERSPECTIVE OF A GREAT “MAESTRO” Edited by Marcella Frangipane and Linda Manzanilla INTRODUCTION. THE MANY DIMENSIONS OF THE “CITY” IN EARLY SOCIETIES Marcella Frangipane THE ORIGINS OF CIVIC LIFE – A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE David Wengrow MESOPOTAMIA AND NEIGHBOURING REGIONS SIXTY YEARS AFTER CITY INVINCIBLE, SURVEYS AND THE URBAN REVOLUTION IN QUESTION Pascal Butterlin THE CITY OF URUK AND ITS HINTERLAND Hans J. Nissen (Hainfeld) THE TYRANNY OF FRICTION Guillermo Algaze REFLECTIONS ON SURVEY AND SURVEILLANCE IN THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF WESTERN ASIA Susan Pollock, Reinhard Bernbeck LEVANT THE URBANIZATION OF THE SOUTHERN LEVANT IN ITS NEAR EASTERN SETTING Pierre de Miroschedji FAR FROM THE RIVER: PHYSICAL AND METAPHORICAL USE OF THE TERRITORY AND ITS WATER RESOURCES IN EARLY AND MIDDLE BRONZE AGE SYRIA Davide Nadali, Frances Pinnock AFRICA THE ORIGIN OF URBAN SOCIETIES IN THE NILE VALLEY Maria Carmela Gatto URBANISATION IN THE CENTRAL SAHARA IN GARAMANTIAN TIMES: A LOOK FROM THE SOUTH Lucia Mori MESOAMERICA AND THE ANDES CORPORATE SOCIETIES WITH EXCLUSIONARY SOCIAL COMPONENTS: THE TEOTIHUACAN METROPOLIS Linda R. Manzanilla POPULATION, SCALE, AND THE FRAMING OF LONG-TERM HISTORY Gary M. Feinman, Linda M. Nicholas ANCIENT MAYA LOWLANDS: FROM FAKE FEUDS ABOUT “URBANISM” TO RENEWED STUDIES OF SETTLEMENT PATTERNS Dominique Michelet, Philippe Nondédéo ECOLOGICAL VARIATION AND TRAJECTORIES OF PREHISPANIC ANDEAN URBANISM R. Alan Covey WEST OF EDEN: ADAMS VISITS THE ANDES Terence N. D'Altroy EUROPE THE QUESTION OF “PROTO-URBAN” SITES IN LATER PREHISTORIC EUROPE Anthony Harding SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND DEVELOPMENTS TOWARDS URBAN LIFE IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN ITALY DURING THE BRONZE AGE Alberto Cazzella, Giulia Recchia BEFORE THE CITY: THE LAST VILLAGES AND PROTO-URBAN CENTRES BETWEEN THE PO AND TIBER RIVERS Andrea Cardarelli

The Quijos Chiefdoms

by Andrea M. Cuéllar

The motivation for reconstructing regional settlement organization and demographic trends through time goes beyond providing a “general picture of the ...

The Quijos Chiefdoms

Author: Andrea M. Cuéllar

Publisher: Center for Comparative Arch

ISBN: 1877812870

Page: 188

View: 845

Archaeological study of the emergence of the ethnohistorically documented Quijos chiefdoms in the eastern Ecuadorian Andes. This research evaluates links between the emergence of centralized leadership and the organization of agricultural production. The focus is on reconstructing the demographic history of 137 km2 based on a full coverage systematic survey, and on reconstructing patterns of food production and consumption based on analysis of pollen, phytoliths and plant macroremains from the excavation of 31 tests at locations representing different environmental settings and settlement types. The study proposes a sequence starting at about 600 B.C., with the first manifestations of a regional system of centralized authority appearing after about 500 A.D. Neither control of basic resources nor specialized craft production seem to have been important in the social and political dynamics of the emerging Quijos chiefdoms. Complete text in English and Spanish

Side by Side Survey

by Susan Alcock

Twenty years ago one of the editors of this volume, John Cherry of the University of Michigan, looked forward to a day when the 'Frogs round the Pond' (active intensive survey projects working around the Mediterranean) could produce real ...

Side by Side Survey

Author: Susan Alcock

Publisher:

ISBN: 1785704745

Page: 270

View: 168

Twenty years ago one of the editors of this volume, John Cherry of the University of Michigan, looked forward to a day when the 'Frogs round the Pond' (active intensive survey projects working around the Mediterranean) could produce real insights into the development of human societies by comparing and synthesizing the data they had collected. Despite the theoretical advances in survey methodology that have been discussed and implemented since that date, few scholars (with the exception of Sue Alcock, the other editor - also at Michigan) have attempted to use survey data to answer the real questions social historians have been asking. In this volume a number of prominent scholars re-commit to the original goal of intensive survey projects and discuss what original insights over twenty years of survey work have brought to our understanding of the Mediterranean world. Contents: Introduction (Susan E. Alcock and John F. Cherry); Intraregional and interregional comparison of occupation histories in three Italian regions; the RPC project (Peter Attema and Martijn van Leusen); A comparative perspective on settlement pattern and population change in Mesoamerican and Mediterranean civilizations (Richard E. Blanton); Site by site: Combining survey and excavation data to chart patterns of socio-political change in Bronze Age Crete (Tim Cunningham and Jan Driessen); Are the landscapes of Greek prehistory hidden? A comparative approach (Jack L. Davis); Accounting for ARS: fineware and sites in Sicily and Africa (Elizabeth Fentress, Sergio Fontana, Robert Bruce Hitchner, and Philip Perkins); Mapping and manuring: can we compare sherd density figures? (Michael Given); Mapping the Roman world: the contribution of field survey data (David Mattingly and Rob Witcher); Demography and survey (Robin Osborne); Problems and possibilities in comparative survey: a North African perspective (David L. Stone); Sample size matters! The paradox of global trends and local surveys (Nicola Terrenato); Side-by-Side and Back-to-Front: Exploring intra-regional Latitudinal and Longitudinal comparability in survey data. Three case studies from Metaponto, Southern Italy (Stephen Thompson); Solving the puzzle of the archaeological labyrinth: time perspectivism in Mediterranean surface archaeology (LuAnn Wandsnider); From nucleation to dispersal: trends in settlement pattern in the northern Fertile Crescent (T. J. Wilkinson, Jason Ur, and Jesse Casana); Comparative settlement patterns during the Bronze Age in the northeastern Peloponnesos (James C. Wright); Appendix. Internet resources for Mediterranean regional survey projects: a preliminary listing (Jennifer Gates, Susan E. Alcock, and John F. Cherry).